花の都パリ、音楽の都ウィーン、など形容詞は、誰が名付けた。

Essay|2024.11.25

Text_Kotaro Sakata
Photo_Kotaro Sakata


Who coined names like “City of Flowers” for Paris or “City of Music” for Vienna?
When did the world begin to overflow with such descriptions? While theories vary, their origin doesn’t trace back to ancient history.
Around 8,000 years ago, during the rise of the four great civilizations, grand descriptors were absent. As one of the earliest known forms of currency, the Hal silver coins from ancient Mesopotamia (circa 4300–1530 BCE) enabled trade, with descriptions of provenance and the like aiming more at higher prices than brand value. By the Age of Exploration, as trade and logistics connected regions, descriptors similar to today’s “rich” or “glorious” emerged. In Japan, even before the Warring States period, goods were classified as missionary imports or local. With the Meiji Restoration, “Namban” imports, dating from the 16th century, became “foreign goods,” and foreign lands gained poetic descriptors.
Paris, labeled as the “City of Flowers,” gained this title in Japan after a delegation headed by Eiichi Shibusawa attended the Paris Exposition. Yet, in Europe, Florence holds this title; Paris’s association came from Britain’s Industrial Revolution blooming in France. Meanwhile, Paris started importing Japanese culture, viewing Japan, with its vivid ukiyo-e colors, as the “Land of the Rising Sun” (a term from Prince Shōtoku). For artists like Van Gogh, Japan represented a land bathed in warm sunlight, inspiring him to leave gray Paris for sunny Arles. Through his brother Theo, he wrote to many Impressionist painters that “Here is the vibrant light of Japan.” Looking back, Marco Polo called Japan the “Golden Country Zipangu” in The Travels of Marco Polo, making Japan a land of allure as far back as the 13th century.
Today, adjectives are quickly used and discarded, but recalling the pre-Internet Bubble Era when messages traveled only by landlines, it feels like another world.
From there, as you know, advertising slogans became full of adjectives often having little to do with the products themselves. Today’s brands wear adjectives like fast fashion, and ironically “throwaway culture of words” is an apt description of our world.

本当の『花の都』フィレンツェの赤い屋根群

『音楽の都』ウィーンの中心的シンボル、シュテファン大聖堂の洗浄前の姿