年末の芸術風物詩はなぜ『第九』になったのか?

Essay|2024.12.20

Text _ Kotaro Sakata


Why is Beethoven’s Ninth a year-end tradition in Japan?

This year saw a long, scorching summer and a fleeting autumn. As the busy year-end season approaches, many find themselves overwhelmed with preparations, often neglecting self-care in the process. What better time than now to pause, reflect on the past year, and set intentions for the next—all while enjoying some music? But is this reflective tradition uniquely Japanese? In Western countries, the year-end season revolves around Christmas, a celebration of Christ’s birth, accompanied by religious music like masses. Christmas is the defining tradition there. In Japan, however, Christmas tends to be viewed as a commercial event, with the focus instead on New Year’s celebrations. Among these, Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, Op. 125, famously known as the “Ninth,” has become a symbol of the season. Why this piece? The answer lies in post-World War II Japan during the late 1940s, when orchestras struggled to attract audiences, particularly at year-end. The Japan Symphony Orchestra (now the NHK Symphony Orchestra) capitalized on the symphony’s widespread popularity through radio broadcasts, offering the Ninth as a crowd-pleaser. Over time, it became a nationwide tradition.
Over 70 minutes long, this large-scale symphony, which has four movements, the last of which is the chorale finale, was a model for subsequent composers such as Mahler. The first three movements are instrumental pieces, and the motif played up to that point is completely denied by the baritone’s opening in the fourth movement, “O Freunde, nicht diese Töne!” (“Oh friends, not these sounds!”), paving the way for “Ode to Joy.” The lyrics were adapted from Friedrich Schiller’s poem “Ode to Joy,” which was based on the ideas of Freemasonry, by Beethoven between 1822 and 1824.
The final line of the Ode, “Über Sternen muß er wohnen” (“Above the stars, God surely dwells”), has a religious element, but this aspect is downplayed in Japan, where the Ode’s is perhaps uniquely interpreted as a message to get together and be happy.

ベートーヴェンの肖像として最も有名なこの絵は、ドイツの画家ヨーゼフ・カール・シュティーラー(1781~1858)。手にはその頃作曲中だった〈ミサ・ソレムニス〉の楽譜が描かれています。

ベートーヴェンの補聴器:
ベートーヴェンが自ら指揮をした『第九』演奏会の時には、完全に聴力を失っており、演奏が終わって受けた観客の喝采も分からなかったという。

ベートーヴェン『第九』直筆譜